Research and Application of plastic Electroplating-Electroplating Additives

Research and Application of plastic Electroplating-Electroplating Additives.
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Electroplating additive (electroplating additives) is a general term for a class of chemicals added to electroplating solution that have special effects on the properties of plating bath and coating. It belongs to fine chemicals (fine chemicals). In some large chemical companies, it is listed as special chemicals (specialty chemicals).
Classification and function of Electroplating Additives.
Widely used electroplating processes are zinc plating, copper plating, nickel plating, chromium plating, silver plating, tin plating, copper-zinc alloy plating, (imitation gold plating), copper-tin alloy, zinc-nickel alloy, nickel-iron alloy and so on. The plating bath can be divided into acid, weak acid and alkaline. Different types of electroplating processes can only add different kinds of additives, so the types of electroplating additives are very complex, which makes it difficult to classify electroplating additives. The following is my classification of plating bath and coating according to the different functions of electroplating additives, which may not be accurate and comprehensive. (at the same time, this classification only includes additives in the plating bath, excluding pre-treatment and post-treatment of electroplating, and does not include other surface treatment processes such as electroless plating and anodizing.).
(1) widen the application range of pH, temperature and current density of electroplating bath.
(2) the metal particles precipitated in electroplating have good dispersion, which is beneficial to improve the surface smoothness and brightness of the plated parts.
(3) reducing the surface tension is beneficial to the wetting of the plated parts.
(4) promoting the hydrogen generated on the surface of the cathode to detach as soon as possible can prevent indentation and pinholes in the plated parts.
(5) the electroplating effect of the plated parts cleaned by surfactant is obviously improved.
According to their functions, electroplating additives can be divided into complexing agents, brighteners, surfactants, leveling agents, stress relieving agents, impurity removers and wetting agents, among which brighteners and surfactants are the most important. Additives with different functions generally have different structural characteristics and action mechanisms, but multi-functional additives are also common, for example, saccharin can be used as both a nickel plating brightener and a commonly used stress relieving agent, and additives with different functions may also follow the same action mechanism.